Best Life Insurance Companies for Cancer in Canada
Finding the best life insurance companies for cancer in Canada can feel daunting. Thankfully, leading Canadian insurers now provide coverage tailored for cancer survivors with fair underwriting and flexible options. This guide explains which providers stand out and how to apply with confidence.
๐ 14 Minute Read
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Originally Published: October 30, 2025
Best Life Insurance Companies for Cancer in Canada
Finding the best life insurance companies for cancer in Canada can feel daunting. Thankfully, leading Canadian insurers now provide coverage tailored for cancer survivors with fair underwriting and flexible options. This guide explains which providers stand out and how to apply with confidence.
๐ 14 Minute Read
๐
Originally Published: October 30, 2025
After a cancer diagnosis, securing life insurance may seem difficult, but many Canadians successfully obtain affordable coverage each year. Insurers such as Manulife, Beneva, and Industrial Alliance (iA) review each case based on stability, recovery period, and medical follow-up. Understanding these differences helps you identify the company that best fits your health and financial goals.
This review will compare the top life insurance companies for cancer in Canada, outline key underwriting factors, and explain which policy types work best depending on remission length and treatment history. By the end, you will know where to start, what to expect during the application process, and how to find a trusted advisor to guide your next step.
In this Article:
- Overview: Life Insurance for Cancer Survivors in Canada
- How We Chose the Top Insurers
- Top 5 Life Insurance Companies for Cancer in Canada
- Insurer Highlights and Strengths
- Coverage Options for Cancer Survivors
- Underwriting Factors and Approval Outlook
- Premium and Cost Comparison by Insurer
- Advisor Tips for Improving Approval Chances
- Get Expert Help and a Free Quote
- Case Studies: Real Canadian Success Stories
- Frequently Asked Questions
Overview: Life Insurance for Cancer Survivors in Canada
Life after cancer often brings a renewed focus on financial security. For many Canadians, that means protecting loved ones through reliable life insurance. The good news is that life insurance for cancer survivors in Canada is increasingly accessible, with several leading insurers offering flexible plans that balance affordability, coverage, and peace of mind.
Eligibility depends on the type of cancer, remission length, and overall health stability. Most insurers prefer consistent follow-up care and clean medical reports before approval. While this can seem complex, working with a licensed advisor simplifies the process. Advisors identify which companies specialize in life insurance after cancer and which provide simplified or guaranteed issue options if full medical underwriting is not yet possible.
Canadians applying after cancer generally have three main coverage paths:
- Fully Underwritten Coverage: Ideal for survivors in remission for several years who can provide full medical records. Offers the lowest premiums and longest terms, perfect for those considering term life insurance quotes to compare costs.
- Simplified Issue Policies: Require a brief health questionnaire and limited medical evidence. Suited for applicants within one to three years of recovery.
- Guaranteed Issue Plans: No medical questions or exams. Designed for recent or ongoing cancer history, these plans provide smaller benefit amounts but guaranteed acceptance.
Top Canadian insurers such as Manulife, Beneva, and Industrial Alliance (iA) lead in compassionate underwriting for cancer survivors. Others like Empire Life and Foresters Financial emphasize fast approvals and flexible application paths. Understanding each insurerโs approach to medical recovery helps applicants choose confidently rather than assume rejection.
๐ก Did You Know?
Many Canadian insurers will consider applicants one to three years after completing treatment if follow-up tests confirm ongoing stability and recovery.
By reviewing your medical history transparently and matching it with the right provider, you can secure meaningful coverage without overpaying. The next sections explain how these insurers were ranked, which policies work best for cancer survivors, and how to improve approval chances through expert guidance.
How We Chose the Top Insurers
Ranking the best life insurance companies for cancer in Canada requires more than comparing premiums. Each insurer was evaluated for how it reviews applications from cancer survivors, the flexibility of its underwriting, and whether its products provide lasting value once approved.
The evaluation used five key criteria drawn from Canadian underwriting manuals and real advisor experience. These factors ensure that rankings reflect genuine approval outcomes and the perspectives of both applicants and advisors across the country.
- Underwriting Flexibility: Preference for insurers that assess remission stability, treatment type, and specialist reports rather than automatically declining an applicant.
- Product Variety: Availability of term, whole life, simplified, and guaranteed issue options for different stages of recovery.
- Pricing and Value: Competitive premiums and clear renewal or conversion privileges that keep long-term costs predictable.
- Claims Reputation: Proven record of reliable claim payouts and compassionate client service.
- Accessibility: Streamlined digital applications, bilingual service, and advisor support across Canadian provinces.
Extra weight was given to sponsor and partner carriers known for supporting clients with medical histories. Manulife, Beneva, Industrial Alliance (iA), Foresters Financial, and Empire Life consistently demonstrate flexible case reviews and transparent communication about health disclosures.
This transparent, data-driven process ensures the results reflect true approval potential and long-term client value, not marketing language. The next section reveals which companies ranked highest and why they stand out for Canadians rebuilding financial stability after cancer.
Top 5 Life Insurance Companies for Cancer in Canada
When comparing the best life insurance companies for cancer in Canada, a few insurers consistently stand out for their balance of flexibility, transparent underwriting, and client-focused service. These five companies ranked highest based on underwriting data, advisor feedback, and real case outcomes for Canadians with a cancer history.
Each provider offers products suited to different recovery stages, from guaranteed issue plans to fully underwritten term or permanent options. Survivors in longer remission periods often qualify for traditional coverage, while those earlier in recovery can access simplified or no-medical plans that provide immediate protection.
While no insurer can guarantee approval, some have developed reputations for fairness and compassion in reviewing post-cancer applications. Each of the companies below demonstrates clear eligibility criteria, open communication, and flexible policy design for Canadians rebuilding financial stability after treatment.
- Manulife: Known for broad underwriting acceptance and case-by-case review for stable remission histories.
- Beneva: Offers flexible simplified issue products with fair pricing for applicants at moderate risk.
- Industrial Alliance (iA): Provides term, whole, and universal options with detailed questionnaires that promote fair and individualized assessments.
- Empire Life: Recognized for personalized underwriting and advisor collaboration throughout the application process.
- Foresters Financial: Delivers accessible coverage with simplified eligibility and community-based member benefits.
The table below highlights each insurerโs key strengths, product focus, and best-fit scenarios for applicants with a previous or current cancer history in Canada.
Table 1: Best Life Insurance Companies for Cancer Survivors in Canada
A comparison of leading Canadian insurers offering flexible coverage and fair underwriting for applicants with a cancer history.
| Insurer | Best For | Policy Options | Underwriting Approach | Advisor Insight |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manulife | Survivors with stable remission and full recovery history | Term, permanent, and optional critical illness rider | Comprehensive review of medical notes with flexible ratings | Excellent fit for applicants several years post treatment |
| Beneva | Applicants early in remission | Simplified and guaranteed issue life insurance | Flexible tolerance for recent treatment and ongoing follow up | Great bridge policy until fully underwritten options become available |
| Industrial Alliance (iA) | Applicants needing tailored protection | Term, whole life, universal life, and critical illness | Detailed questionnaires by cancer type rather than automatic declines | Ideal for complex health histories with advisor guidance |
| Empire Life | Applicants seeking personalized review | Term and permanent plans with conversion flexibility | Case-by-case evaluation of remission timelines and treatment notes | Known for transparent communication during underwriting |
| Foresters Financial | Applicants with recent or ongoing cancer | Guaranteed issue and simplified term plans | Quick access with limited medical evidence required | Provides immediate coverage when traditional options are unavailable |
Best For: Survivors with stable remission and full recovery.
Policy Options: Term, permanent, critical illness rider.
Underwriting: Manual review of medical notes with flexible ratings.
Advisor Insight: Strong fit for applicants several years post treatment.
Best For: Applicants early in remission.
Policy Options: Simplified and guaranteed issue life insurance.
Underwriting: Accepts recent treatment with flexible eligibility.
Advisor Insight: Works well as a bridge to full underwriting later.
Best For: Applicants needing customized protection.
Policy Options: Term, whole, universal, and critical illness.
Underwriting: Questionnaire tailored by cancer type.
Advisor Insight: Great option for complex medical histories.
Best For: Applicants who prefer personalized review.
Policy Options: Term or permanent with conversion flexibility.
Underwriting: Case-by-case evaluation of remission details.
Advisor Insight: Known for transparent advisor communication.
Best For: Applicants with recent or ongoing cancer.
Policy Options: Guaranteed issue and simplified term.
Underwriting: Quick approval with minimal medical evidence.
Advisor Insight: Offers immediate protection when others do not.
Insurer Highlights and Strengths
Canadian insurers do not all view a cancer history the same way. Some focus on stable remission and detailed follow-up care, while others emphasize quick approval and essential protection even for recent recoveries. Knowing how each company approaches life insurance after cancer helps match the right insurer to the right health profile.
The insurers below are consistently recommended for cancer survivors because they share three traits: flexibility, clarity, and long-term value. Flexibility matters when health history is complex. Clarity matters when the insurer is transparent about medical requirements. Long-term value matters when affordable coverage must remain sustainable for family protection.
Highlights among leading Canadian insurers include:
- Manulife: Offers strong traditional underwriting for cancer survivors with proven stability. Ideal for those several years post-treatment seeking larger coverage or permanent protection.
- Beneva: Excellent for early recovery applicants. Provides simplified or guaranteed coverage when full medical underwriting is not yet possible.
- Industrial Alliance (iA): Known for its broad lineup of term, whole, and universal life options, allowing customization based on affordability, estate planning, or cash value goals.
- Empire Life: Recognized for hands-on underwriting and clear communication. Reviews remission timelines individually instead of relying on automatic declines.
- Foresters Financial: Focused on accessibility and community benefits. Offers guaranteed acceptance and member programs that give families immediate peace of mind.
The comparison table below summarizes each insurerโs standout strength and when that strength makes the biggest difference for Canadians applying for life insurance after cancer. This guidance helps determine which provider is most suitable based on remission stage, age, and overall health stability.
Table 2: Insurer Strengths for Cancer Survivors in Canada
How major Canadian insurers help applicants with a cancer history secure life insurance that fits their recovery stage and goals.
| Insurer | Standout Strength | When It Helps Most | Advisor Insight |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manulife | Structured underwriting that rewards long, stable remission with stronger pricing. | After several years of remission with no recurrence and solid follow up care. | Preferred for higher face amounts and longer term or permanent protection. |
| Beneva | Accessible simplified and guaranteed coverage for early-recovery applicants. | Within one to three years post treatment or while under ongoing monitoring. | Excellent first-step option to protect family until full medical eligibility returns. |
| Industrial Alliance (iA) | Broad product range, from term to universal life, with flexible underwriting. | When the applicant wants both protection and long-term wealth or estate planning. | Customizable to budget, cash value goals, or multi-policy strategies. |
| Empire Life | Hands-on case review and direct communication with advisors. | When health history is complex and needs context beyond lab results. | Respected for fair evaluation of remission timelines and treatment details. |
| Foresters Financial | Fast acceptance and guaranteed protection for recent or recurring cancer. | When traditional underwriting is unlikely to approve coverage. | Provides a short-term safety net during early recovery or active treatment. |
Strength: Rewards long, stable remission with stronger pricing.
When It Helps Most: Several years after treatment with strong follow up care.
Advisor Insight: Ideal for higher coverage and long-term protection.
Strength: Simplified and guaranteed coverage for early remission.
When It Helps Most: One to three years post treatment or under monitoring.
Advisor Insight: Good entry-level policy until full eligibility returns.
Strength: Broad product lineup with flexible underwriting.
When It Helps Most: For protection and future planning together.
Advisor Insight: Can be tailored to budget or estate goals.
Strength: Personalized underwriting and advisor communication.
When It Helps Most: When medical history is complex or unique.
Advisor Insight: Fair evaluation of remission details and recovery.
Strength: Quick approval and guaranteed access.
When It Helps Most: When traditional coverage is unavailable.
Advisor Insight: Provides interim security during recovery.
Coverage Options for Cancer Survivors
Canadian cancer survivors now have more life insurance options than ever. Depending on treatment history and remission status, applicants can choose between fully underwritten, simplified, or guaranteed issue plans. Each type has unique eligibility rules and pricing, helping individuals balance affordability, convenience, and long-term protection.
Knowing which option fits best helps avoid unnecessary declines or paying more for temporary coverage. The three main policy paths available today include:
- Fully Underwritten Policies: Best for survivors with several years of clean medical follow up. These plans include full health questions and possible exams but offer lower premiums and higher coverage limits.
- Simplified Issue Policies: Ideal for early remission applicants or those under light ongoing monitoring. They feature fewer medical questions, no lab tests, and moderately higher premiums than standard coverage.
- Guaranteed Issue Life Insurance: Designed for individuals recently treated or living with recurring conditions. No medical exams or health disclosures are required, but coverage amounts are limited and a short waiting period often applies before full benefits begin.
Beneva, Foresters Financial, and Industrial Alliance (iA) lead in simplified and guaranteed issue solutions, helping Canadians regain protection while rebuilding eligibility for traditional coverage. For those further in remission, Manulife and Empire Life remain top choices for fully underwritten plans with stable long-term pricing and conversion privileges.
๐ก Did You Know?
Some Canadian insurers allow policyholders to convert from simplified to fully underwritten coverage after two to three years of remission, creating a path to lower premiums and higher benefit amounts.
The table below outlines the main differences between these three coverage categories and how they typically apply to life insurance for cancer survivors in Canada.
Table 3: Life Insurance Coverage Options for Cancer Survivors in Canada
A comparison of eligibility, medical requirements, and coverage limits for Canadians applying for life insurance after cancer.
| Coverage Type | Eligibility | Medical Requirements | Coverage Limits | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fully Underwritten | 2 โ 5 years or more in remission with stable health reports. | Comprehensive questionnaire and possible medical exam. | Up to $5 million + depending on insurer. | Survivors seeking long-term, affordable protection. |
| Simplified Issue | 1 โ 3 years post-treatment with ongoing follow-up care. | Short health questionnaire; no lab tests. | Typically $50 K โ $500 K. | Applicants needing moderate coverage with quick approval. |
| Guaranteed Issue | Recent or active cancer diagnosis. | No medical questions or exams. | Usually $5 K โ $50 K. | Individuals seeking guaranteed acceptance and peace of mind. |
Eligibility: 2 โ 5 years + in remission with stable health reports.
Medical Requirements: Full questionnaire and possible exam.
Coverage Limits: Up to $5 million + based on insurer.
Best For: Long-term, affordable coverage.
Eligibility: 1 โ 3 years post-treatment with ongoing follow-up care.
Medical Requirements: Short questionnaire only.
Coverage Limits: Typically $50 K โ $500 K.
Best For: Moderate protection with faster approval.
Eligibility: Recent or active cancer diagnosis.
Medical Requirements: None required.
Coverage Limits: Usually $5 K โ $50 K.
Best For: Guaranteed acceptance and immediate peace of mind.
Underwriting Factors and Approval Outlook
Each Canadian insurer uses its own medical and underwriting guidelines when reviewing applications from cancer survivors. The main objective is to confirm a stable recovery and a low risk of recurrence. Understanding these factors helps set realistic expectations about eligibility and pricing for life insurance after cancer.
Underwriters typically evaluate several key elements before making a decision:
- Type of Cancer: Certain cancers, such as skin or thyroid, are considered lower risk once treated. Others, including lung or colon, may require a longer remission period before approval.
- Stage and Treatment: Early-stage cancers that were completely removed or resolved with minimal therapy are treated more favourably than advanced cases involving chemotherapy or radiation.
- Time Since Last Treatment: The length of remission is often the most important factor. Many Canadian insurers reconsider applications after one to three years of stable follow-up results, a key window for simplified or guaranteed issue life insurance.
- Ongoing Medical Follow-Up: Regular specialist checkups and up-to-date reports demonstrate proactive health management and can strengthen approval chances.
- Current Health and Lifestyle: Non-smoking status, healthy weight, and controlled blood pressure or cholesterol help offset elevated medical risk factors.
Manulife and Industrial Alliance (iA) often request detailed medical questionnaires or an attending physician statement (APS) for context. Beneva and Foresters Financial streamline the process by focusing on remission timing and treatment completion dates instead of requiring extensive reports. This flexibility shortens review timelines and reduces stress for applicants seeking life insurance for cancer survivors in Canada.
Average Premium Comparison Across Insurers
Premiums for life insurance after cancer vary across Canada based on remission length, cancer type, age, gender, and coverage amount. While no two applicants receive identical quotes, some insurers consistently provide more competitive rates for cancer survivors, especially when remission stability and follow-up care are well documented.
Applicants who have been cancer-free for several years may qualify for near-standard rates with Manulife, Empire Life, and Industrial Alliance (iA). For those still in early recovery, Beneva and Foresters Financial offer simplified or guaranteed issue options at predictable monthly costs. Pricing reflects medical risk and coverage needs rather than penalizing recovery progress.
Premium differences are most noticeable between simplified and fully underwritten plans. Simplified issue coverage can cost 30 to 60 percent more than standard policies but provides immediate protection with fewer medical requirements. Over time, switching to traditional coverage once eligible can reduce costs significantly.
- Term Life Policies: Offer the lowest initial cost and are ideal for income replacement or mortgage protection.
- Permanent Life Policies: Provide lifetime protection and potential cash value, though early-year premiums are higher.
- Guaranteed Issue Policies: Cost the most per dollar of coverage, but guarantee acceptance regardless of medical history.
Most insurers apply small surcharges, known as ratings, during the first few years after remission. These can often be reduced or removed following consistent medical updates. The table below summarizes average premium trends and pricing tendencies among Canadaโs leading life insurers for applicants with a cancer history.
Table 4: Average Premium Comparison for Life Insurance After Cancer in Canada
Typical cost levels and coverage styles offered by leading Canadian insurers for applicants with a cancer history.
| Insurer | Cost Level | Coverage Style | What to Expect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manulife | Low to Moderate | Fully underwritten term or permanent coverage | Among the most affordable once remission stability reaches 3โ5 years. |
| Beneva | Moderate | Simplified or guaranteed issue options | Fair pricing for early-recovery applicants who prefer fewer medical steps. |
| Industrial Alliance (iA) | Moderate | Term, whole life, or universal coverage | Balanced pricing that improves with documented stable remission. |
| Empire Life | Moderate | Term or permanent with conversion flexibility | Strong long-term value once remission confirmation is established. |
| Foresters Financial | High | Guaranteed issue coverage | Higher cost per dollar but guaranteed acceptance and quick approval. |
Cost Level:Low to Moderate
Coverage: Fully underwritten term or permanent.
What to Expect: Affordable once remission stability reaches 3โ5 years.
Cost Level:Moderate
Coverage: Simplified or guaranteed issue.
What to Expect: Fair pricing for early recovery and minimal medical steps.
Cost Level:Moderate
Coverage: Term, whole life, or universal.
What to Expect: Pricing improves with stable remission documentation.
Cost Level:Moderate
Coverage: Term or permanent with conversion.
What to Expect: Strong value once remission is confirmed.
Cost Level:High
Coverage: Guaranteed issue.
What to Expect: Higher cost but quick, guaranteed acceptance.
Advisor Tips for Improving Approval Chances
Getting life insurance after cancer can feel uncertain, but several practical steps can improve approval outcomes. Partnering with a licensed advisor helps identify which Canadian insurers are most receptive to post-cancer applications and how to present medical information clearly and confidently.
Underwriters value transparency and long-term stability. Applicants who maintain regular follow-up care, adopt healthy habits, and provide up-to-date specialist reports are seen as lower risk. Submitting complete documentation upfront prevents delays and improves approval odds.
- 1. Choose the Right Application Type: Fully underwritten coverage offers the best long-term value for survivors in remission three years or longer. Simplified or guaranteed issue policies suit those earlier in recovery.
- 2. Gather Complete Medical Documentation: Include oncology notes, pathology summaries, and follow-up results with your application. Comprehensive files can shorten review times by several weeks.
- 3. Apply Through a Licensed Advisor: Advisors compare insurer tendencies using real underwriting data, matching applicants to companies with stronger post-cancer approval records.
- 4. Maintain Open Communication: Be clear about treatment timelines, remission confirmation, and ongoing checkups. Honest, consistent information builds trust with underwriters.
- 5. Reapply After Stability: If coverage is postponed, reapply once remission requirements are met. Many insurers reassess more favourably after an additional year of stable results.
๐ก Did You Know?
Working with an independent advisor provides access to multiple insurers at once, often leading to faster approvals and better rates than applying directly with a single company.
Preparation and patience make the difference between approval and frustration. By combining accurate medical details with expert guidance, Canadian cancer survivors can secure meaningful coverage and lasting financial protection for their families.
Get Personalized Life Insurance Advice for Cancer Survivors in Canada
Finding the right life insurance company after cancer can feel overwhelming. The licensed advisors at Protect Your Wealth specialize in helping Canadians compare coverage options, remission requirements, and approval likelihood across trusted insurers such as Manulife, Beneva, Industrial Alliance (iA), Empire Life, and Foresters Financial.
Get transparent, expert guidance from licensed Canadian advisors who understand the challenges of life insurance after cancer. Learn which companies are most flexible, how remission affects approval, and how to secure affordable protection for your family with confidence.
Case Studies: Real Canadian Success Stories
Profile: Breast cancer survivor, 4 years in remission. Non-smoker, two children, self-employed consultant.
- Problem: Worried her remission history would cause a decline or large rating with traditional coverage.
- Approach: Worked with an advisor to gather oncology reports and remission confirmation. Applied to Manulife for a fully underwritten 20-year term.
- Resolution: Approved at a mild rating (Table 2) with standard policy fees and option to convert to permanent coverage after 10 years.
Takeaway: Providing full remission documentation and follow-up letters can make a strong case for near-standard pricing even within 5 years of recovery.
Profile: Colon cancer survivor, 2 years post-treatment. Works as a contractor, former smoker, healthy BMI.
- Problem: Recently completed treatment and needed coverage to protect his family and business loan.
- Approach: Advisor recommended Benevaโs simplified issue policy with a 10-year term while maintaining flexibility to upgrade later.
- Resolution: Approved without medical exam at a slightly higher premium. Plan to reapply for traditional coverage after two additional years of remission.
Takeaway: Simplified issue coverage can serve as a short-term safety net until full remission stability qualifies for lower-cost traditional insurance.
FAQ โ Frequently Asked Questions
Can I qualify for life insurance if I had cancer in the past?
Yes. Many Canadians who have recovered from cancer can qualify for life insurance once remission has been stable for at least one to three years. Each insurer evaluates remission length, cancer type, and medical follow up differently. Licensed advisors can match you to companies with more flexible underwriting for your situation.
Which life insurance companies are best for cancer survivors in Canada?
Manulife, Beneva, Industrial Alliance (iA), Empire Life, and Foresters Financial are among the most consistent insurers for post-cancer approvals. Each offers a mix of term, simplified, or guaranteed issue options based on remission history and current health.
How long after cancer treatment should I wait before applying?
Most Canadian insurers begin reconsidering applications one to three years after treatment ends. Those further along in remission (three to five years or more) often qualify for traditional coverage and better pricing. Simplified or guaranteed plans are available sooner for short-term protection.
Will my premiums always be higher because of my cancer history?
Not necessarily. Initial premiums may include a temporary surcharge or rating, but some insurers reduce these after several years of stable remission. Maintaining regular medical follow ups and a healthy lifestyle can improve renewal and conversion pricing over time.
Is medical testing required for cancer survivors applying for life insurance?
It depends on the policy type. Fully underwritten coverage may involve blood work or an attending physician statement. Simplified or guaranteed issue plans do not require medical exams, focusing instead on short health questionnaires or none at all.
Can I switch to a lower-cost policy after Iโve been in remission longer?
Yes. Many Canadians start with a simplified or guaranteed plan, then reapply for a fully underwritten policy once they meet the remission timeline. This approach can lower long-term premiums and increase available coverage without losing protection during recovery.
Find a solution that fits your life insurance goals after cancer
If youโre exploring life insurance options for cancer survivors in Canada, understanding how each insurer approaches remission timelines, medical reviews, and eligibility can make a big difference. At Protect Your Wealth, we compare quotes and products from Canadaโs top insurance providers, including Empire Life, Canada Life, iA Financial, Desjardins, and Beneva, to help you find the right balance of affordability and long-term protection for your recovery stage.
We specialize in helping clients secure coverage tailored to their health history, including critical illness insurance, no medical life insurance, as well as traditional term and permanent life insurance plans. Whether you are recently in remission or several years post-treatment, our advisors will help you compare policies that reflect your current needs and future goals.
To schedule a consultation about life insurance after cancer, income protection, or recovery planning, please contact Protect Your Wealth or call 1-877-654-6119 to speak with a licensed advisor today. Weโre proudly based in Hamilton and serve clients across Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta, including Guelph, Kingston, Calgary, and Victoria.